General Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine

Vaccination can be defined as the process of administration of an antigenic material (vaccine) into a living mechanism. The clinical effect desired is to cause stimulation of an individual's immune system in order to develop an adaptive immunity against the pathogen constituting the vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention for infectious diseases.

Pediatrics is known as another cutting edge study in the general public today and includes the therapeutic care of new born children, kids, and young people The study of pediatrics is decreasing the demise rates of the babies and the kids and furthermore to control the spreading of illnesses which are Pediatric infectious diseases which will advance the healthy life form vast diseases-free life to draw out the issues of young people and youngsters. This can be seen that the advancement of pediatrics is finished by knowing the different pediatric genetic disorders primary subjects which for the most part required for pediatrics. The fundamental treatment which bargains in pediatrics is advancing the improvement of pediatric health in youngsters and new born children.

Adolescent medicine or hebiatrics is a medical subspecialty that focuses on care of patients who are in the adolescent period of development, generally ranging from the last years of elementary school until graduation from high school (some doctors in this subspecialty treat young adults attending college at area clinics, in the subfield of college health). Patients have generally entered puberty, which typically begins between the ages of 11 and 13 for boys.

Emergent management of pediatric patients with fever is a common challenge. Children with fever account for as many as 20% of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits, and the underlying disorders in these cases range from mild conditions to the most serious of bacterial and viral illnesses. Asphyxial cardiac arrest is more common than VF cardiac arrest in infants and children, and ventilations are extremely important in pediatric resuscitation. It occurs in circumstances that obstruct the airway or otherwise prevent the intake of oxygen. Many congenital and acquired heart diseases may present with heart failure. This requires immediate management of common cardiac emergencies in children beyond the neonatal period, illustrated with typical clinical scenarios, ECG recordings or X-ray/echocardiographic images. But it is important to learn about radiation consequences of CT in children. Because of the rapidly growing use of pediatric CT and the potential for increased radiation exposure to children undergoing these scans, special considerations should be applied when using pediatric CT.

Pediatric surgery is a branch of pediatrics which is dealing with all the surgical operations of children. It is a combination of both surgery and pediatrics. Pediatric surgery is responsible for the treatment of many disorders through surgical operations in children and playing vital role in saving lives at birth stage by newborn and fetal surgery. Pediatric surgery can be mainly divided into two sub categories, known as, pediatric cardiothoracic surgery, pediatric surgical oncology, pediatric nephrological surgery, pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric urological surgery, pediatric hepatological surgery, pediatric orthopedic surgery, pediatric vascular surgery and pediatric oncological surgery.

Nearly every child or teen faces some challenges as they grow up because of peer pressure, family changes, a death or other loss, managing a chronic illness, or simply because it isn’t easy making the change from being a child to being an adult. Poor mental health can affect overall well-being and can lead to emotional and behavioral changes, ADHD and learning disabilities. Many children experience loss or stress, and others must manage their chronic illness at a young age. Some children have a disorder that runs in the family and puts them at higher risk for depression or anxiety. Some children may also be affected due to school problems and relationship problems and leads to behavioral and developmental disorders. If a child or teen shows extreme anxiety, depression, problems with nightmares and sleeping, aggressive behaviors or if he talks of suicide, seek immediate cognitive behavioral therapies.

Gastrointestinal disorders in children range from minor to life threatening, and short- to long-term or chronic. Neonatal Jaundice is one of the most common conditions needing medical attention in newborn babies. Gastrointestinal food allergies are not rare in infants and children. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedure a pediatric endoscopy has become an essential modality for evaluation and treatment of GI diseases. Complex gastrointestinal surgery is one of the common methods to treat GI disorder in children. The principle diseases concerned with pediatric gastroenterology are acute diarrhoea, gastritis, persistent vomiting and problems with the development of the gastric tract.

Pediatric Endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing growth disorders and sexual differentiation in childhood, as well as neonatal diabetes and other disorders of the endocrine glands. It also includes the study of the most common types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There is another type of diabetes that is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, called monogenic diabetes which is seen in children.

Pediatric pulmonology is a medical specialty that deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving respiratory tract. Pediatric pulmonology is a combination of both pulmonology and pediatrics. Pediatric pulmonologists are specially trained in pulmonary pediatric diseases and conditions of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, complicated chest infections, etc. Epiglottitis is a cause of pediatric dyspnea that should be considered by the EMT when evaluating children in respiratory distress. Hence it is important to study the diagnosis, immunization and preventive measure of these diseases.

The aim of the study of pediatrics is to reduce infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, promote healthy lifestyles for a long disease-free life and help ease the problems of children and adolescents. It can be acknowledged that this can be reached by learning the major and primary subject on General Pediatrics. General Pediatrics includes the basic treatments involved for the betterment of pediatric health. The most significant problems can be due to nutritional deficiencies to the overall health of infants and children because growth and development can be seriously hindered by shortages in essential vitamins or nutrients.

A child has medical problems that might be genetic which can be learnt under general pediatrics. When a child has medical problems involving more than one body system, screening of genetic abnormalities may be recommended to identify the cause and make a diagnosis. This can be recognized by being educated about the modern imaging risks in children suffering with pediatric genetic disorders. During the course of these techniques providing effective pain management for children is widely recognized as a complicated and challenging aspect. This challenge can be achieved by learning about child psychology and behavioral studies which can ease the complications with the child during the treatment.

A pediatric orthopedic surgeon is a specialized medical practitioner who focuses on diagnosing, treating, and surgically managing musculoskeletal conditions and injuries in children, adolescents, and young adults. These skilled surgeons address a wide range of issues specific to the pediatric population, including congenital deformities, growth plate injuries, developmental disorders, traumatic injuries, limb length discrepancies, neuromuscular conditions, and spinal deformities. Pediatric orthopedic surgeons provide both non-surgical and surgical interventions, working collaboratively with a team of healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their young patients. Their primary goal is to promote mobility, function, and overall well-being while considering the unique growth and developmental factors of children.

Pediatric immunology is a branch of pediatrics which deals with immunological or allergic disorders of children. Pediatric immunology plays major role in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the immune system and it has seriously involved in the development of new diagnostic tests and treatment. Some of the major pediatric immunology diseases are community acquired infections, vaccination complications, pediatric HIV and AIDS and congenital or acquired immune deficiencies. As of 2013, of the estimated 35.3 million people worldwide living with HIV, approximately 3.2 million are children under 15 years of age. An estimated 260,000 children were newly infected with HIV in 2012; further, nearly 700 children are newly infected with HIV every day. Reflecting this imperative, it is equally important to learn about the diagnosing and caring of pediatric HIV patients.

Pediatric Nursing Education plays an important role in shaping the future. Pediatric Nursing is the scientific treatment of childhood which deals with the care of children from conception to adolescence in health care. Pediatric nurse duties may include: Conducting physicals, Child immunizations, Screening for disease, Diagnosing illnesses, Prescribing medications, Normalize the life of the child in the family home, school and community, Minimize the impact of the child's unique condition, Foster maximal growth and development, Develop realistic, functional and coordinated home care plans for the children and families, Respect the roles of the families in the care of their children. The Pediatric Intensive Care provides care for infants, children and adolescents who become critically ill or injured which include the conditions like Severe infection , Poisoning, Drug overdose, Trauma, Extensive surgery, Congenital anomalies, Immunological disorders etc. Research in the field of pediatrics is more focused on nutrient deficiencies, pediatric obesity, Child Psychology, pediatric genetic disorders, pediatric critical care, child health nursing,  pediatric nutrition for a better healthcare. Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Globally, in 2013 the number of overweight children under the age of five, is estimated to be over 42 million. Close to 31 million of these are living in developing countries. Approximately 17% (or 12.7 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop non communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. The worldwide pediatric social insurance market touches around $81.0 billion. Pediatric affiliations are being supported every year about $629,559 million to $669,841 million for pediatric examination.

Researchers are engaged in a variety of laboratory and clinical research programs to extend their understanding of the developing nervous system and pathologic processes that underlie neurological disorders in children. The most common neurological disease is pediatric epilepsy. Approximately 70% of children who suffer epilepsy during their childhood eventually outgrow it. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a diagnostic tool used for inherited metabolic disorders. To date, MRS has been limited to the assessment for cerebral lactic acidosis in mitochondrial disorders in children. Neuromuscular and genetic metabolic diseases are the most common genetic related disorders in children. The new frontier to improve outcomes in crticially ill pediatric patients with neurological illness is Pediatric Neurocritical Care.

The study of Pediatric Cardiology is responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations and electrophysiology studies. The increasing number of neonates with congenital heart defects referred to the neonatal intensive care unit reflects the increasing awareness that the defects may be present. Chest radiography and ECG rarely assist in the neonatal diagnosis. Congestive heart failure in the fetus, or hydrops, can be detected by performing fetal echocardiography. In this case, congestive heart failure may represent underlying anemia (eg, Rh sensitization, fetal-maternal transfusion), arrhythmias (usually supraventricular tachycardia), or myocardial dysfunction(myocarditis or cardiomyopathy). Many of the pediatric heart defects such as patent ductus arteriosus interruption, vascular ring division, pericardial window, diaphragm placation, thoracic duct ligation, ligation of collateral vessels have been repaired using pediatric interventional cardiology. The barriers and challenges to achieving routinely applicable Tissue Engineered and Regenerative Cardiac Surgery Methods are also explored as is a novel concept for the Cardiac Hybrid Operating Room Suite of the 21st Century. Apart from these techniques nursing and care for pediatric cardiac patients also plays an important role for the cure of pediatric cardiac patients

Pediatric hematology is the branch of pediatrics dealing with study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention different types of blood disorders including the study of bleeding and clotting disorders in children. The study of Tumor Cell Biology reviews applications concerned with signal transduction mechanisms in neoplastic cells, and regulation of tumor cell phenotype and behavior, and tumor progression. It important to study causes, risk factors and the hypothesis in pediatrics with hematology disorders. A medical practitioner who specializes in this field of pediatric hematology is called pediatric hematologist. It is important that one should be familiar with the educational and preventive measures in order to prevent children being affected with blood disorders.

It can be frightening to hear that a child has cancer or a blood disorder. It is acknowledged that neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells). Researchers are looking for genetic source of childhood cancer. The common blood disorders in children are leukemia and lymphoma. Leukemia is a disease of the white blood cells. The most common type of pediatric leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia. Other types of leukemia that occur less frequently in children are acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) are the third most common cancer in children. Based on the characteristics and microscopic appearance of the cancer cell, the pediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hence learning more about the advances in cancer detection and images becomes a prominent subject to cure childhood cancer.

Premature birth complications can vary between premature babies and some are more serious than others. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age, responsible for nearly 1 million deaths in 2013. Neonatal resuscitation skills are essential for all health care providers who are involved in the delivery of newborns. Clinicians must use the latest non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies for effective management of neonatal pain, distress, or agitation to avoid neonatal complications. As a child is growing it is important to concentrate on health care transition planning. Nutrients and growth factors regulate brain development during fetal and early postnatal life. Hence it is important to know the neonatal nutrition. Kernicterus (Bilirubin encephalopathy) is an acquired metabolic encephalopathy of the neonatal period is one of the toxic influences. Neonatal Polycythemia, defined as a central venous hematocrit (Hct) level of greater than 65%, is a relatively common disorder in neonates